Definition and classification
Welding is a process of permanent joining two materials usually metals) through localized coalescence resulting
from a suitable combination of temperature and pressure from a high temperature with no pressure to a high
pressure with low temperature, a wide range of welding processes has been developed.
Classification of welding process
American Welding Society has classified the welding processes as shown in Fig.1.1.Various welding processes
differ in the manner in which temperature and pressure are combined and achieved.
Welding Processes can also be classified as follows based on the source of energy)
1. Gas Welding
---Oxyacetylene
---Oxy hydrogen
2. Arc Welding
---Carbon Arc
---Metal Arc
---Submerged Arc
---Inert-gas welding
TIG and MIG
---Plasma Arc
---Electro-slag
3. Resistance Welding
---Spot
---Seam
---Projection
---Butt welding
---Induction welding
4. Solid State Welding
---Friction welding
---Ultrasonic welding
---Explosive welding
---Forge and Diffusion welding
5. Thermo-chemical welding
---Thermit welding
---Atomic H2 welding (also arc welding)
6. Radiant Energy welding
---Electron Beam welding
---Laser Beam welding
In order to obtain coalescence between two metals there must be a combination of proximity and activity
between the molecules of the pieces being joined, sufficient to cause the formation of common metallic crystals.
Proximity and activity can be increased by plastic deformation (solid-state-welding) or by melting the two surfaces so that fusion occurs(fusion welding). In solid-state-welding the surfaces to be joined are mechanically or chemically cleaned prior to welding while in fusion welding
the contaminants are removed from the molten pool by the use of fluxes. In vacuum or in outer space the removal
of contaminant layer is quite easy and welds are formed under light pressure.
Gas Welding
Gas welding includes all the processes in which fuel gases are used in combination with oxygen to obtain a gas
flame. The commonly used gases are acetylene, natural gas, and hydrogen in combination with oxygen. Oxyhy-drogen welding was the first commercially used gas process which gave a maximum temperature of 1980℃ at
the tip of the flame. The most commonly used gas combination is oxyacetylene process which produces a flame
temperature of 3500 ℃. This process will be discussed in detail in the following paragraphs.
1. Oxyacetylene welding flame uses oxygen and acetylene. Oxygen is commercially made by liquefying air, and
separating the oxygen from nitrogen. It is stored in cylinders as in Fig.2.1 at a pressure of 14 MPa. Acetylene is
obtained by dropping lumps of calcium carbide in water contained in an acetylene generator according to the
following reaction.
2. Concentrated heat liberated at the inner cone is 35.6% of total heat. Remaining heat develops at the outer
envelope and is used for preheating thus reducing thermal gradient and cooling rate improving weld properties.
3. 1 Volume O2 is used to burn 1 Volume of acetylene, in the first reaction. This oxygen is supplied through the
torch, in pure form 1.5 Volume of additional oxygen required in the second reaction is supplied from the atmosphere.
4. When oxygen is just enough for the first reaction, the resulting flame is neutral. If less than enough, the flame
is said to be reducing flame. If more than enough oxygen is supplied in the first reaction, the flame is called an
oxidizing flame.
5. Neutral flame has the widest application.
● Reducing flame is used for the welding of monel metal, nickel and certain alloy steels and many of the non-
ferrous, hard-surfacing materials.
● Oxidising flame is used for the welding of brass and bronze